Monday, 29 October 2018

My Gear :

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Saturday, 13 October 2018

Rare Find, Assam Geologist Discovers Platinum Deposits in Karbi Anglong!

Rare Find, Assam Geologist Discovers        Platinum Deposits in Karbi Anglong                

Dilip Majumdar, the Dean of the School of Earth, Atmospheric Science, Environment and Energy, at the Dibrugarh University in Assam, is over the moon ever since he just detected the presence of platinum deposits in the state's Karbi Anglong district recently, according to the Hindustan Times.The rare and expensive metal was found in a remote hill, around 250 km from the state capital.
This discovery has put Assam on the same level as Odisha, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, where the rare platinum metal has been found.
Speaking to the Hindustan Times, Majumdar said, "It is a very significant find.
Preliminary investigation establishes the presence of platinum. We were able to confirm using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray powder diffraction technique."
Majumdar, who is a professor of Applied Geology started working in Karbi Anglong since January, collecting samples. Platinum cannot be detected through the naked eye; hence tests were performed at the university, on samples from the site.
Appearing optimistic about his find, Majumdar told that he had shared the findings with a few experts outside Assam, who confirmed the presence of platinum. The professor added that details of how much platinum is present in the site, will be known with further studies and maybe the use of remote sensing technologies.
Promotion
According to initial observations, the deposit amount could be significant.
The find has even garnered praise from the State government. Assam's Mines and Minerals Minister Sum Ronghang, who also hails from the Karbi Anglong district, has said that the presence of platinum in Assam is excellent news and commercially extracting it would benefit Assam as a whole.
Platinum has a variety of uses and can be implemented in the telecommunication,pharmaceutical, jewellery, and manufacture of high-tech lab equipment. However, its growing demand and scarce availability keep the price of this element high. On Thursday, the metal was priced at Rs 1,958 per gram in the Indian market.
Photo Source along with platinum, other minerals like iron, vanadium and titanium were also discovered at the site in Karbi Anglong. The professor did not divulge the exact spot, as he fears it would lead to people rushing there to extract platinum.
Incidentally, in India, the biggest reserves of platinum are found in Baula Nausahi in Odisha, Hanumalpura in Karnataka and Sittampundi and Mettuppalaiyam in Tamil Nadu.

Saturday, 6 October 2018

Best Career in India

Best career in India 


Students in India are very much interested in knowing details about high paying jobs. Not just India, students across the World are interested in such careers, which offer high salary and additional perks and benefits. A high paying job not only provides one with a sense of financial security, it will also help one have a good lifestyle and enjoy good social status. And most of the celebrated and well rewarding careers also helps one earn respect from peers and society. In this article, we will check out a list of some of the highest paying jobs in India. The professions mentioned in this article belong to both the Government as well as Private sectors. Professional courses have also been mentioned along with their respective careers, so that students may make use of those details, and pursue them.

HIGHEST PAYING JOBS IN INDIA

Before starting the list, let me mention some very important points. All the jobs mentioned in this article are well rewarding ones, in terms of salary. But salary specifications may vary with time, depending upon economic as well as other such influencing factors. Also, to thrive in a specific field and to earn huge salary in that process, one must become very good at that task. One must have necessary skills, which will help one thrive in that field. Another important factor is the quality of the Institute from which one pursues the professional course associated with a career. Good quality, reputed Institutes guarantee a decent pay package right from the start. They provide a good foundation. Let us start the list of high paying careers in India.


1 MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS


Doctors in India earn well. India has a huge population. With this huge population comes increased number of health problems. In India, the ratio of number of Doctors available per 1000 patients is very low. While this is a matter of concern, it also means that Doctors practicing in India gets a steady flow of patients (very true in case of Urban areas, but bit compromised in case of Rural areas).

Medical professionals could be Doctors, Dentists, Ayurvedic Doctors, BHMS Doctors or even Physiotherapists. Among the roles mentioned above, Doctors who have done MBBS and followed it up with PG course and super speciality course earns the most! Gone are the days when an MBBS Degree was enough to start off! This is the age of super speciality!

To earn well, one must be willing to take up a lucrative and promising PG course (specialization) after MBBS! Fields of specialization like- Cardiology (branch that deals with diseases affecting the heart), Gynaecology (branch that deals with women’s reproductive system), Orthopaedics (branch that deals with skeletal system and diseases), Dermatology (branch that deals with skin), Pathology (branch dealing with examination of organs and body to diagnose diseases) etc will help one build a financially rewarding career after MBBS!

Doctors may work in Government/Private Hospitals or may even start their own Private Clinic. How well a Doctor earns depends a lot on his/her skills. There are Doctors who manage to rake in more than 20 Lakh Rupees per month, thanks to their Clinics! On other hand there are Doctors who have salary ranging between 30-50,000 Rupees, working in Private Hospitals! The aptitude of a Doctor, to an extent, depends on the quality of Institute from which he/she pursues the course.
Dentists are also known to earn handsomely. But the field of Dentistry has become somewhat saturated these days. There are so many Dentists plying their trade these days that the competition has increased. The well known and established Dentists still manage to rake in high salary, pushing the mediocre ones to the corner. Just like in case of MBBS, BDS Graduates must also seriously consider pursuing PG course. This will help them climb up the career ladder pretty fast.

The field of specialization must be chosen carefully. Fields like- M.D.S. Periodontology, M.D.S. Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, M.D.S. Oral Pathology and Microbiology, M.D.S. Prosthodontics and Crown & Bridge will help one land a high paying job in Private Hospitals.

Depending upon ones aptitude and entrepreneurship skills, one may even find work in Government Hospitals or start a Private Clinic. Talking about MBBS and BDS related careers, I don’t want this country to be filled up with money hungry Doctors! Don’t take up these professions just keeping money in mind! Above money, one must focus on healing patients and providing them relief!

Physiotherapy is another career that will help one earn well (given that one has that healing touch and good skills!). Good Physiotherapists are always in demand for tasks like- post surgery recovery, recovering from diseases related to bones etc.

2 MERCHANT NAVY JOBS

Merchant Shipping sector has always been known to provide good pay packages to its workers. But the problem with Merchant Navy sector is that they only recruit the best men! In Merchant Navy, Officer level posts come with high salary packages! Posts like- Marine Engineer, Navigation Officer, Electro Technical Officer, Captain etc are high paying job posts!

For landing any of the above mentioned job posts, one must pursue Maritime courses associated with them! For example, if you want to become a Marine Engineer, you will have to pursue B.E./B.Tech. Marine Engineering. Well, there are many other ways to become a Marine Engineer. But the point is that you must go through a relevant Maritime course. One must also be physically and medically fit, as per the norms set by Merchant Shipping rules.

If you are interested in Merchant Navy careers, you may go through this list of top Maritime courses. Merchant Navy suits those, who have an interest in leading an adventurous life and sea faring. One must be willing to travel extensively and adapt to different situations quickly. For all this trouble, Shipping Industry will reward you with a good salary package.

3 ENGINEERS

It is a heavily saturated field. Still, depending upon the Branch that one chooses and the quality of Institute from which one pursues the course, one may still end up landing a high paying job! In case of students Graduating from Institutes such as IITs, NITs and other prominent ones like BITS, Nirma University etc, irrespective of the branch, the salary package will be good.
Professionals related to some good Engineering branches are much valued and are always in demand. Some such branches are- Petroleum EngineeringChemical Engineering, Core Engineering Branches (MechanicalElectrical and Civil Engineering), Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Mechatronics Engineering etc. Jobs related to these branches are high paying ones.
Information Technology and Computer Science are heavily saturated Engineering branches. And thanks to recession, pay packages associated with jobs related to these branches also took a hit. Still, in case of students who have completed the above branches from high quality Institutes, demand is still there and the salary pack is high too.
Emerging and relatively new Engineering Branches like Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology, Agriculture Information Technology etc have immense scope abroad. While these field are still developing in India, one will be able to find high paying jobs abroad (especially in Research and Development sector), after finishing above mentioned Engineering courses.

Many high paying jobs await Engineering Graduates in Government Sector as well. Some such jobs are in Organizations and PSUs like- Indian Railways, DRDO, Indian Armed Forces, BHEL, SAIL, ONGC, ISRO etc.

In short, Engineering field may have become saturated. But there still exists many high paying jobs in this area in India. With right skills, aptitude and College Degree (from a good College), one may build a rewarding career in Government or Private Sector.

4 LECTURER

Teachers play an important role in Nation building. They teach and train students. School teachers are underpaid. But the case of teachers plying their trade in Colleges offering Professional courses is different. College lecturers (teaching in both Private and Government Colleges) are well paid. They are also treated with respect and hold a significant place in society.

Education sector is booming in India. New Colleges offering Professional courses are sprouting all over India. These Colleges need Lecturers. They are willing to rope in talented teaching professionals by offering lucrative salary packages to them.

When it comes to the job of a Lecturer, experience matters a lot. Experienced Lecturers are paid higher, when compared to newcomers. Coaching classes also pay lecturers and Instructors hefty pay packages. Entrance exam coaching is also a booming business these days! One may even consider starting a Coaching class, if one has the required resources and entrepreneurship skills!

The best way to become a College Lecturer is by doing UG Bachelor’s Degree and then following it up with Master’s Degree. For example, one may complete B.E./B.Tech., follow it up with M.E./M.Tech. and become a College Lecturer after the Master’s course. Same thing can be done in case of B.Sc./M.Sc. programs too. To get job in Government Colleges, one must appear for PSC (State wise or Central) exam and clear it.

5 CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT

Chartered Accountants’ task is to keep track of financial affairs of businesses big and small. Corporate houses have in-house CAs. Some Business houses even hire CAs for auditing and similar accounts related tasks.
Chartered Accountancy is generally considered to be meant for Commerce stream students. But 12th Science streamas well as Arts stream students may also pursue this course and venture into Chartered Accountancy career field.

Like in all jobs, it is better to start slow. But there is enough scope in this sector to achieve steady growth in career. Skilled CAs are well valued in the market and are compensated well for their services!

Those who are good with numbers, have integrity and are perseverant enough to go through the CA training module may give this course a go!
 Like in all jobs, it is better to start slow. But there is enough scope in this sector to achieve steady growth in career. Skilled CAs are well valued in the market and are compensated well for their services.
Those who are good with numbers, have integrity and are perseverant enough to go through the CA training module may give this course a go.

6, MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONALS

People who have pursued Business and Management oriented courses and working in relevant Managerial and Administrative roles are called Management professionals. Some well known Management and Business courses are- BBA, MBA (online MBA and regular MBA) and BMS.
How well a management professional will earn depends upon factors like his/her area of specialization, course pursued (MBA Degree is most valuable and assures the highest salary among the management courses mentioned), quality of Institute from which course has been pursued (IIMs are most valuable, followed by the likes of XLRI, FMS, ISB etc). Areas like- HR Management, Media Management, International Business, Hospital and Healthcare Management, Finance and Taxation are lucrative and rewarding ones at the moment.
HIGH PAYING GOVERNMENT JOBS
Civil Service and Administration related jobs like- IAS, IRS, IFS, IPS etc are glamorous as well as high paying at the same time. But to land those jobs, one must crack the tough Civil Services Examination! These jobs play an integral part in Nation building! Only the best minds should be involved in this process. Thus, due to this very reason, selection process in case of these jobs is extremely tough.
PSUs like ONGC, BHEL, SAIL, BEL, BPCL, CCL, CIL, GAIL, HEC, HAL, HPCL etc are also well known for offering high paying jobs. Central Government bodies like Indian Railways, State Service bodies etc also offer high paying jobs.
 Usually, it is the high rank/Grade Officer posts like Engineers and Administrative roles that get the high salary packages. The low rank posts still have a decent band pay. Along with good pay package, employees will also get added benefits like- perks, loans (Interest free or low Interest), subsidized housing, Medical Aid, Travel Concessions etc.
Commissioned Officers’ posts in various divisions of Armed Forces also has good salary package. We all know how much respect the Officers of Indian Armed Forces commands! Officers of the Indian ArmyIndian Air Force and Indian Navy are given much respect. Their job is a glamorous one, but is risky too at the same time! Officer posts in other bodies like BSF and Indian Coast Guard too has the above mentioned advantages.At the end of the day, a career in the Armed Forces is well rewarding. There are number of perks and bonuses available for Armed Forces personnel. Job security is also another advantage that this career offers.

7, JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION PROFESSIONALS


This is a profession where you can make change to the society in a direct and significant way. It can also be misused too, at the same time! The fact is- skilled Journalists and Mass Communication professionals are valued and are paid well. You will also find professionals working in the same field, who are not paid well. This points out the fact that one can make it big in this field only if he/she has skills such as- communication skills, confidence, investigative skills, quest for knowledge etc.
Pursuing courses like B.A. in Journalism and Mass Communication/PG Journalism and Mass Communication will help one build a career in this sector. Experience is much valued in this sector too! Print and Digital media are prime recruiters. But thanks to Internet, web based media houses also have grown, recruiting talented professionals in the process.

8, LAW PROFESSIONALS

Skilled and talented Lawyers are in demand, well respected and are also well paid by clients! After completing Integrated Law courses like- B.A, L.L.B./B.Com, L.L.B. or L.L.B. after Graduation (3 or 4 years long Degree course), one may start working for Legal firms or may even start Private practice.
To thrive in this field, one should have good reasoning skills, oratory skills, presence of mind, investigative skills and confidence. Specializing in lucrative fields will also help one build a financially rewarding career. Areas like- Criminal Law, Corporate Law, Labour Law etc are very rewarding ones.

9, INVESTMENT BANKERS

They are not your normal Bankers working for Private or Nationalized Banks! Folks who have Degrees related to Accounting, Business, Finance, Economics, Maths, Statistics, Engineering (Software and Analytics side jobs) may take up this profession.
Those who are good with numbers, have good analytical skills, communication skills etc are much valued by Recruiters.
Talking about career growth, if one starts from base, the 4 stages will be like- 4- Analyst (low pay), 3- Associate (after 3 years experience), 2- VP (after 3 years as an Associate) and 1- Director.
It has been noticed that big recruiters like Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley etc hire Graduates having Degrees like- MBA, Economics, Statistics, Engineering etc.
Those were the top 15 high paying careers in India that managed to get into my list. I know that there certainly are other well rewarding careers too, like that of a sportsman or politician. But then we don’t have any particular courses to build a career in those sectors. I suggest students to sit back, analyze each job, consider their pros and cons, go through aptitude tests and find a career that will suit one the most! Along with the careers, I’ve also mentioned related courses too. You may then start pursuing that course and build a rewarding career with time.

Monday, 1 October 2018

Mahatma Gandhi father of India










Mahatma Gandhin

Anti-War Activist (1869-1948)

Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world.

Who Was Mahatma Gandhi?

Mahatma Gandhi (October 2, 1869 to January 30, 1948) was the leader of India’s non-violent independence movement against British rule and in South Africa who advocated for the civil rights of Indians. Born in Porbandar, India, Gandhi studied law and organized boycotts against British institutions in peaceful forms of civil disobedience. He was killed by a fanatic in 1948.
Mahatma Gandhi

Religion and Beliefs

Gandhi grew up worshiping the Hindu god Vishnu and following Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism.
During Gandhi’s first stay in London, from 1888 to 1891, he became more committed to a meatless diet, joining the executive committee of the London Vegetarian Society, and started to read a variety of sacred texts to learn more about world religions.
Living in South Africa, Gandhi continued to study world religions. “The religious spirit within me became a living force,” he wrote of his time there. He immersed himself in sacred Hindu spiritual texts and adopted a life of simplicity, austerity, fasting and celibacy that was free of material goods.

Gandhi’s Ashram & the Indian Caste System

In 1915 Gandhi founded an ashram in Ahmedabad, India, that was open to all castes. Wearing a simple loincloth and shawl, Gandhi lived an austere life devoted to prayer, fasting and meditation. He became known as “Mahatma,” which means “great soul.”
In 1932, Gandhi, at the time imprisoned in India, embarked on a six-day fast to protest the British decision to segregate the “untouchables,” those on the lowest rung of India’s caste system, by allotting them separate electorates. The public outcry forced the British to amend the proposal.

Gandhi’s Assassination

In the late afternoon of January 30, 1948, the 78-year-old Gandhi, weakened from repeated hunger strikes, clung to his two grandnieces as they led him from his living quarters in New Delhi’s Birla House to a prayer meeting. Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims, knelt before the Mahatma before pulling out a semiautomatic pistol and shooting him three times at point-blank range. The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence. Godse and a co-conspirator were executed by hanging in November 1949, while additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison.


When and Where Was Gandhi Born?
Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi (born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India, which was then part of the British Empire.

Wife and Family

Mahatma Gandhi’s father, Karamchand Gandhi, served as a chief minister in Porbandar and other states in western India. His mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman who fasted regularly.
At the age of 13, Mahatma Gandhi wed Kasturba Makanji, a merchant’s daughter, in an arranged marriage. In 1885, he endured the passing of his father and shortly after that the death of his young baby. In 1888, Gandhi’s wife gave birth to the first of four surviving sons. A second son was born in India 1893; Kasturba would give birth to two more sons while living in South Africa, one in 1897 and one in 1900.

Early Life and Education

Young Gandhi was a shy, unremarkable student who was so timid that he slept with the lights on even as a teenager. In the ensuing years, the teenager rebelled by smoking, eating meat and stealing change from household servants.
Although Gandhi was interested in becoming a doctor, his father had hoped he would also become a government minister, so his family steered him to enter the legal profession. In 1888, 18-year-old Gandhi sailed for London, England, to study law. The young Indian struggled with the transition to Western culture.
Upon returning to India in 1891, Gandhi learned that his mother had died just weeks earlier. He struggled to gain his footing as a lawyer. In his first courtroom case, a nervous Gandhi blanked when the time came to cross-examine a witness. He immediately fled the courtroom after reimbursing his client for his legal fees.

Gandhi in South Africa

After struggling to find work as a lawyer in India, Gandhi obtained a one-year contract to perform legal services in South Africa. In April 1893, he sailed for Durban in the South African state of Natal.
When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, he was quickly appalled by the discrimination and racial segregation faced by Indian immigrants at the hands of white British and Boer authorities. Upon his first appearance in a Durban courtroom, Gandhi was asked to remove his turban. He refused and left the court instead. The Natal Advertiser mocked him in print as “an unwelcome visitor.”
A seminal moment in Gandhi’s life occurred days later on June 7, 1893, during a train trip to Pretoria, South Africa, when a white man objected to his presence in the first-class railway compartment, although he had a ticket. Refusing to move to the back of the train, Gandhi was forcibly removed and thrown off the train at a station in Pietermaritzburg. His act of civil disobedience awoke in him a determination to devote himself to fighting the “deep disease of color prejudice.” He vowed that night to “try, if possible, to root out the disease and suffer hardships in the process.” From that night forward, the small, unassuming man would grow into a giant force for civil rights. Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination.
At the end of his year-long contract, Gandhi prepared to return to India until he learned, at his farewell party, of a bill before the Natal Legislative Assembly that would deprive Indians of the right to vote. Fellow immigrants convinced Gandhi to stay and lead the fight against the legislation. Although Gandhi could not prevent the law’s passage, he drew international attention to the injustice.
After a brief trip to India in late 1896 and early 1897, Gandhi returned to South Africa with his wife and children. Gandhi ran a thriving legal practice, and at the outbreak of the Boer War, he raised an all-Indian ambulance corps of 1,100 volunteers to support the British cause, arguing that if Indians expected to have full rights of citizenship in the British Empire, they also needed to shoulder their responsibilities as well.

Satyagraha and Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

In 1906, Gandhi organized his first mass civil-disobedience campaign, which he called “Satyagraha” (“truth and firmness”), in reaction to the South African Transvaal government’s new restrictions on the rights of Indians, including the refusal to recognize Hindu marriages.
After years of protests, the government imprisoned hundreds of Indians in 1913, including Gandhi. Under pressure, the South African government accepted a compromise negotiated by Gandhi and General Jan Christian Smuts that included recognition of Hindu marriages and the abolition of a poll tax for Indians. When Gandhi sailed from South Africa in 1914 to return home, Smuts wrote, “The saint has left our shores, I sincerely hope forever.” At the outbreak of World War I, Gandhi spent several months in London.
In 1919, with India still under the firm control of the British, Gandhi had a political reawakening when the newly enacted Rowlatt Act authorized British authorities to imprison people suspected of sedition without trial. In response, Gandhi called for a Satyagraha campaign of peaceful protests and strikes. Violence broke out instead, which culminated on April 13, 1919, in the Massacre of Amritsar, when troops led by British Brigadier General Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a crowd of unarmed demonstrators and killed nearly 400 people. No longer able to pledge allegiance to the British government, Gandhi returned the medals he earned for his military service in South Africa and opposed Britain’s mandatory military draft of Indians to serve in World War I.
Gandhi became a leading figure in the Indian home-rule movement. Calling for mass boycotts, he urged government officials to stop working for the Crown, students to stop attending government schools, soldiers to leave their posts and citizens to stop paying taxes and purchasing British goods. Rather than buy British-manufactured clothes, he began to use a portable spinning wheel to produce his own cloth, and the spinning wheel soon became a symbol of Indian independence and self-reliance. Gandhi assumed the leadership of the Indian National Congress and advocated a policy of non-violence and non-cooperation to achieve home rule.
After British authorities arrested Gandhi in 1922, he pleaded guilty to three counts of sedition. Although sentenced to a six-year imprisonment, Gandhi was released in February 1924 after appendicitis surgery. He discovered upon his release that relations between India’s Hindus and Muslims had devolved during his time in jail, and when violence between the two religious groups flared again, Gandhi began a three-week fast in the autumn of 1924 to urge unity. He remained away from active politics during much of the latter 1920s.

Gandhi and the Salt March

In 1930, Gandhi returned to active politics to protest Britain’s Salt Acts, which not only prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt—a dietary staple—but imposed a heavy tax that hit the country’s poorest particularly hard. Gandhi planned a new Satyagraha campaign that entailed a 390-kilometer/240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, where he would collect salt in symbolic defiance of the government monopoly.
“My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India,” he wrote days before the march to the British viceroy, Lord Irwin.
Wearing a homespun white shawl and sandals and carrying a walking stick, Gandhi set out from his religious retreat in Sabarmati on March 12, 1930, with a few dozen followers. By the time he arrived 24 days later in the coastal town of Dandi, the ranks of the marchers swelled, and Gandhi broke the law by making salt from evaporated seawater.
The Salt March sparked similar protests, and mass civil disobedience swept across India. Approximately 60,000 Indians were jailed for breaking the Salt Acts, including Gandhi, who was imprisoned in May 1930. Still, the protests against the Salt Acts elevated Gandhi into a transcendent figure around the world, and he was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1930.
Gandhi was released from prison in January 1931, and two months later he made an agreement with Lord Irwin to end the Salt Satyagraha in exchange for concessions that included the release of thousands of political prisoners. The agreement, however, largely kept the Salt Acts intact, but it did give those who lived on the coasts the right to harvest salt from the sea. Hoping that the agreement would be a stepping-stone to home rule, Gandhi attended the London Round Table Conference on Indian constitutional reform in August 1931 as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference, however, proved fruitless.

India’s Independence from Great Britain

Gandhi returned to India to find himself imprisoned once again in January 1932 during a crackdown by India’s new viceroy, Lord Willingdon. After his eventual release, Gandhi left the Indian National Congress in 1934, and leadership passed to his protégé Jawaharlal Nehru. He again stepped away from politics to focus on education, poverty and the problems afflicting India’s rural areas.
As Great Britain found itself engulfed in World War II in 1942, though, Gandhi launched the “Quit India” movement that called for the immediate British withdrawal from the country. In August 1942, the British arrested Gandhi, his wife and other leaders of the Indian National Congress and detained them in the Aga Khan Palace in present-day Pune. “I have not become the King’s First Minister in order to preside at the liquidation of the British Empire,” Prime Minister Winston Churchill told Parliament in support of the crackdown. With his health failing, Gandhi was released after a 19-month detainment, but not before his 74-year-old wife died in his arms in February 1944.
After the Labour Party defeated Churchill’s Conservatives in the British general election of 1945, it began negotiations for Indian independence with the Indian National Congress and Mohammad Ali Jinnah’s Muslim League. Gandhi played an active role in the negotiations, but he could not prevail in his hope for a unified India. Instead, the final plan called for the partition of the subcontinent along religious lines into two independent states—predominantly Hindu India and predominantly Muslim Pakistan.
Violence between Hindus and Muslims flared even before independence took effect on August 15, 1947. Afterwards, the killings multiplied. Gandhi toured riot-torn areas in an appeal for peace and fasted in an attempt to end the bloodshed. Some Hindus, however, increasingly viewed Gandhi as a traitor for expressing sympathy toward Muslims.

Legacy

Even after Gandhi’s assassination, his commitment to nonviolence and his belief in simple living — making his own clothes, eating a vegetarian diet and using fasts for self-purification as well as a means of protest — have been a beacon of hope for oppressed and marginalized people throughout the world. Satyagraha remains one of the most potent philosophies in freedom struggles throughout the world today, and Gandhi’s actions inspired future human rights movements around the globe, including those of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States and Nelson Mandela in South Africa. 

Saturday, 22 September 2018

Know The Karbi's Tribe


Know the Karbi Tribe 


The Karbis (Karbi:কাৰ্বি), mentioned as the Mikir in the Constitution Order of the Government of India, are one of the major indigenous ethnic tribe in Northeast India and especially in the hill areas of Assam. The great artist-scholar Bishnu Prasad Rabha refer to them as the Columbus of Assam. They prefer to call themselves Karbi, and sometimes Arleng (literally "man" in the Karbi language). The term Mikir is now considered derogatory. The closest meaning of mikir could said to be derived from "Mekar".
The Karbis are the principal indigenous tribal community in the Karbi Anglong district of Assam, a district administered as per the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India, having an autonomous district of their own since 17 November 1951.Besides Karbi Anglong district, the Karbi-inhabited areas include Dima Hasao, Kamrup, Morigaon, Nagaon, Golaghat, Karimganj, Lakhimpur, Sonitpur and Biswanath Chariali districts of Assam; Balijan circle of Papumpare district in Arunachal Pradesh, Jaintia Hills, Ri Bhoi and East Khasi Hills districts in Meghalaya, and Dimapur District in Nagaland. Apart from Assam, where the Hill Karbis are recognised as Scheduled Tribes but not the Plain Karbi, the Hill Karbis in Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland as Mikir but they are not able to obtain ST certificates due to their current name as Karbi. With a population of around 4 lakhs 6 thousand (406,000) as per 2001 Census, the Karbis constitute a large community.
The Karbis linguistically belong to the Tibeto-Burman group. The original home of the various people speaking Tibeto-Burman languages was in western China near the Yang-Tee-Kiang and the Howang-ho rivers and from these places they went down the courses of the Brahmaputra, the Chindwin and the Irrawaddy and entered India and Burma. The Karbis, along with others entered Assam from Central Asia in one of the waves of migrations.
The folk-lores of the Karbis, however, indicate that during the long past, once they used to live on the banks of the rivers the Kalang and the Kopili and the entire Kaziranga area, the famous National Park situated in Assam, was within their habitation. During the reigns of the Dimasa Kachari kings, they were driven to the hills and some of them entered into Jaintia hills, the erstwhile Jaintia Kingdom and lived under Jaintia suzerainty.
While a section of the Karbis remained in the Jaintia kingdom, others moved towards north-east by crossing the river Barapani, a tributary of the Kopili and entered into the Rongkhang Ranges. There they established their capital at a place called Socheng. The Karbis who migrated to the Ahom Kingdom had to face the Burmese invasion.
The Burmese who invaded Assam perpetrated inhumane oppression on the people. The Karbis took refuge in the deep jungles and high hills leaving their hearth and home in the sub-mountainous regions. In order to save themselves from the greedy eyes of the Burmese invaders, the young Karbi girls started to use a black line from the forehead to the chin which is known a “Duk” with a view to making them look ugly. While some of the Karbis migrated to Western Assam, some had crossed the Brahmaputra and settled in the north bank.
Most of the Karbis still practice their traditional belief system, which is animistic in Karbi Hong-Hari called "Hemphu-Mukrang", however, there are also Karbi Christians (some 15% according to census of India, 2011). The practitioners of traditional worship believe in reincarnation and honour the ancestors.
The Karbi's mainly speak their native language, i.e. The Karbi language and the Assamese language. However, Karbis are well versed in Assamese which they use as a lingua-franca to communicate with other indigenous Assamese communities. Many of the Plain Karbis even use Assamese as their mother tongue. Several Assamese loan words have made their way into the Karbi Language and this is apparent in most parts of Eastern Karbi Anglong. For example, Kaam (Assamese Origin word) is used in place of sai to mean 'Work'. The Karbis are well versed in other languages like Bengali Language, Hindi, etc. as well. There are also minute variations in native Karbi language that can be observed in different geographical regions inhabited by the Karbis. For example, the Plain Karbis and Hill Karbis.
Clan Edit
The Karbis are a Patrilineal society. They are composed of five major clans or Kur. They are Engti (Lijang), Terang (Hanjang), Inghi (Ejang), Teron (Kronjang) and Tungjang Timung which are again divided into many sub-clans. These clans are exogamous, in other words, marriages between members of the same clan are not allowed because they consider brother and sister among themselves. But marriage between cousin (marriage between a man and the daughter of his mother's brother) is highly favored and so is love marriage. Arranged marriages are rarely seen in modern Karbi society. After marriage, neither the bride nor the groom have to change their surname i.e. they retain their original surname due to the reason mentioned above that member of the same clan cannot marry each other. The children of the couple would inherit the surname of their father. The traditional system of governance is headed by the Lindok or the king, who is assisted by the Katharpo, the Dilis, the Habes and the Pinpos. These posts of administration, however, are now merely ceremonial with no real power.
There are five clans in Karbi:
Lijang - Ingti
Hanjang - Terang
Ejang - Inghi
Kronjang - Teron
Tungjang - Timung
Festivals





The Karbis celebrate many festivals. Among them Hacha-Kekan,Chojun, Rongker, Peng Karkli, Thoi Asor Rit Asor, Botor Kekur are such festival held around the year and some of them at specific time of the year. Botor kekur is celebrated for the purpose to request to god to grace the earth with rain so that crops could be sown. Rongker is celebrated either on 5 January or on 5 February as per the convenience of the villager as a thanksgiving to god and asking their assurance to protect them from any evil harm that may happen to the whole village.
Death Edit
The Chomangkan (also known as "thi-karhi") is a festival unique to the Karbis. It is actually a ceremony performed by a family for the peace and the safe passage of the soul of family members who died recently or long ago and never to celebrate them again.
Clothes Edit
Karbis have a wide range of textiles which are produced with the help of the "traditional backstrap loom". There are gender and age specific clothing with culturally coded motifs which give a distinct appearance and meaning to the young men and women, married couple and older male and female folks who wear them. The male dress includes Choi Hongthor, Choi’‘ik, Choi’‘ang, Choikelok, Choi’‘umso, Pe-Seleng, Rikong, Poho, Chepan, Mulajin, Jambili, Jamborong, Vojaru ani, Pe’‘um, Pelu Amar and Sator etc.
The backstrap loom consists of simple implements made from bamboo or wood such as Thening (Shed Rod), Thehu (The backstrap which is essentially a belt worn around the waist, made of animal skin or bamboo), Thepun (Rope for Measurement), Harpi (Batten), Therang (Loom Bar), Thelangpong (Heddle Rod), Uvek (Bamboo Bobbin), Ingthi (Reed/Comb), Hi’‘i (Heddle), Barlim (Pattern Sticks), Langvet (A Small piece of bamboo stick with one end fitted with a tuft of cotton dipped into water for sponging the woven part of the cloth), and Honthari (Bobbin) etc.
Karbi have traditional method of dying techniques to create the basic colors of red, black, yellow, blue (or green). Black colour is obtained from iron fillings boiled together with Siluka (Terminalia Chebula Retz). Male clothing is blackened by using this method. Bujir of the Sibu (a species of Strobilanthes) variety is used to make blue dye of female clothing. Sibu has varieties such as Burot, Buthe and Duri besides Bujir. Turmeric (Tharmit in the local dialect) is widely used for making 'ake’‘et' (yellow) dyes while laha (lac) is used for obtaining 'ake’‘er' (red) dyes. Chalavan (Letsea Sebifera Pers. or Sebifera Glutinosa Lour.) is also used as the source for 'ake’‘ik' (Black) dye.
The female folk are an ingenious lot. They have a variety of clothing such as Pini Kamplak (Open Ended Sarong), Jiso (Clothing covering the Breast area), Pekok (Open ended embroidered woven cloth wrapped around the female torso from shoulder to just about the knees), Vamkok (highly decorated waist belt with ends hung loose), Pe-Seleng (A long cloth wrapped around the torso by the females, also used by the males as a kind of dhoti), Jir’‘ik (Light blue colored clothing for the breast area), Piniku (White female bed sheet), Piba (blue colored cloth for carrying baby on the back), Mulajin and Jamborong (varieties of traditional bags).
Male custume Edit
Choihongthor
A jacket generally worn by married males which is slightly longer than other varieties such as Choi'ik (Black Jacket), Choi'ang (Red Jacket) and Choi-Kelok (White Jacket) or Choi'umso (Smaller Jacket). Married males generally wear the Choi'ang (Red jacket) while the Choi'ik (Black Jacket) is worn on festive occasions by young unmarried males over Choi'ik and Choi'Kelok. Choi-Kelok/Choi'umso are also worn by unmarried males. Choi'umso is a slightly shorter jacket with long braided lower fringes which is worn by unmarried makes in festive occasions and dances. Choi'ang is worn by married males, particularly those of higher status. The Recho (King), Pinpo (Courtiers), Habe (Governors of territorial divisions below the king and his courtiers), Rong Asar (Village Headman) and Arleng Kesar (Elderly Males) are entitled to wear this Choi'ang (Red Jacket) which carries with it status and prestige.
Peseleng
It is a long white woven cloth worn both by males and females as a kind of shawl. The Karbi Bachelors wear it as a dhoti and it is an exclusive costume for them. The cloth cannot be worn by married males. Karbi female folk wrap the cloth around their torso as well.
Rikong
"Ri" is cloth and "Kong" comes from "Jikong" (Firmiana Colorata) which is a slim piece of cloth worn by males which has varieties such as Rikong Bamon, Rikong Ke'er (Red Colored), and Rikong Kelok (White Colored). Rikong Bamon is worn by elderly males including priests. Rikong Ke'er and Rikong Kelok are distinctive as they carry woven motifs. The red variety is worn by elderly males while the white variety is worn by bachelors.
Poho
It is a woven turban, long enough to fold around the head and it is an exclusive male costume worn in festive and formal occasions such as Adam Asar (Traditional Karbi Weddings), Chojun (Ritual Ancestor Worship) or when an elder or a guest is offered a mandatory of homemade brew. Poho is part of a man's standard costume which has color significance. Bachelors wear the white colored Poho while the elderly males wear the red colored Poho. The white colored Poho carries more cultural and hierarchical significance which is worn by traditional dignitaries such as the Recho (King), Pinpo (Courtiers), Habe (Territorial Governors), and Rong Asar (Village Headman). Arleng Kesar (Elderly Males) would carry a red turban on their right shoulder as a fashion statement.
Chepan
It is an exclusive costume for bachelors which is a strip of woven cloth (slightly smaller than Poho in breadth but longer) with fringes decorated with beads and cowry shells, strapped around the waist. Chepan has other regional variations but are usually worn in the same fashion. A bachelor also wraps around a Chepan over his sator (like dhoti) which he flaunts in festivals and formal occasions.
Jambili
It is a piece of rectangular woven cloth which is folded with the four opposite corners and tied in such a way as to allow one arm to slip through and make it appear like a bag. In olden days, before the stitched modern bags appeared, males used Jambili as a multi-purpose bag which allowed the carrier freedom to shove in items from any of the four open sides.
Vojaru Ani
It is the tail of a 'racket tailed drongo', which is a highly prized gear for bachelors with statuses such as Klengsarpo (Chief) and Klengdun (Deputy) of the traditional Youth Dormitory or Jir. The racket tail gear carries specific cultural, ritual and hierarchical significance for the wearers.
Pelu
It is a thick woven rectangular cloth used as a traditional bed sheet enjoying high social status which is compulsory during traditional wedding and death rituals. Pelu is also used as a sack for carrying paddy during harvesting. A household is said to be orderly if it uses Pelu the whole year round. Pelu has gender specific identities. Pelu for male use if called Pelu Marlak and that for female is called Piniku. The motifs used in Pelu Marlak and Piniku are different and distinctive. Pelu Langdang is for general use and does not carry any significance. Male Pelu has no joint in the middle unlike the females. A Pelu also has directional indication which lets the user make out the aphutang (head) or kengtir (tail) of the Pelu which is important. At a traditional wedding, the male Pelu Marlak is laid on top of the female Piniku. On this arrangement, a male Seleng is laid on top of the female Seleng. The proceedings of a wedding is conducted with the bride and groom together.
Jarong/Jamborong
It is a trendy and decorated bag with a strap that the Karbi male wears over his left shoulder. The popularity of the Jarong has replaced the use of the Jambili. A Jarong or Jamborong may nowadays be used by both male and female.
Mulajin
It is a variation of the Jambili but bigger and longer in size allowing the carrier both ease and mobility while using the Mulajin
Female costume Edit
Pekok
It is part and parcel of a modern Karbi female costume. It is worn around the upper body with the upper ends of the garment separating on the right side and tied on the right shoulder to above knee length. It has many color-combinations and each one is thus named differently with varying cultural codes and significance. Pesarpi, a Pekok of red and black color combination is worn by older women while Peloru is a combination of white and off black (Greyish Hue). Pekok Jangphong is a mix of red and yellow color which is worn by unmarried women. Pekok Khonjari is worn both by young married and unmarried women.
Pini Kamphlak
It is the quintessential fashion statement for a Karbi woman irrespective of age or social positions. Pini Kamphlak is a rectangular piece of thick cloth worn over the lower body from the wasit till the calf. Pini Kamphlak, Pekok or an upper garment draped around the body, a Vamkok or belt with intricate designs and a blouse from the essential fashion of a Karbi woman. Pini Kamphlak has varieties such as Honki Ranchom, Aphidop, Kaparenso, and Pejangre etc. Pini Langpong is another variety made of the same fabric and thickness, but like a lungi, it is cylindrical.
Rumpan or Vambok
It is also an essential component of female clothing. it is almost like a belt and serves the same function to fasten the Pini (sarong) around the waist. It carries intricate motifs which only expert weavers can make. Besides, these motifs also carry geographical indicators and cultural codes. Vamkok has also many varieties such as Vamkok Ponglang with no motifs and Bermum which is the most decorated and hardest to weave.
Jir'ik
It is also a part of the traditional Karbi female costume. Jir'ik is smaller and shorter in size than the Piba and is used for carrying a baby on the back. An adolescent wears this beyond her marriage till she attains motherhood. It is not meant for elderly or aged women. At a funeral dance, young girls use this costume to cover their heads almost hiding their faces.
Jiso
It is a breast cloth. Women of all age, categories from adolescence to old age make use of it in olden days.
Piba
It is a baby sling or carrier. Generally, it is used by females, though there is no such hard and fast rule. Piba and Jir'ik are similar in function except that the latter is smaller and shorter.
Pe'um
It is a warm cloth worn during winter and is generally made from silk worms. Pe'um has varieties such as Pehonki aseleng, Pehonki arpum (two stitched together), and Rinditho which is divided into two segments with one segment in white while the other is a mix of white and red color. This design is also known as Pematvi because of the two segments which are distinctively separate and different. Pe'um is not gender sensitive and is worn by both males and females. Atahu Pangdeng is also a variety of Pe'um, also divided into color separated segments.
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